Nitrogen Uptake in an Alpine Kobresia Pasture on the Tibetan Plateau: Localization by ¹⁵N Labeling and Implications for a Vulnerable Ecosystem

Abstract

© 2015, Springer Science+Business Media New York. Grasslands are very important regionally and globally because they store large amounts of carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) and provide food for grazing animals. Intensive degradation of alpine grasslands in recent decades has mainly impacted the upper root-mat/soil horizon, with severe consequences for nutrient uptake in these nutrient-limited ecosystems. We used ¹⁵N labeling to identify the role of individual soil layers for N-uptake by Kobresia pygmaea—the dominating plant in the degraded Tibetan pasture ecosystems. We hypothesized a very efficient N-uptake corresponding mainly to the vertical distribution of living roots (topsoil > subsoil). We assume that K. pygmaea develops a very dense root-mat, which has to be maintained by small aboveground biomass, to enable this efficient N-uptake. Consequently, a higher N-investment into roots compared to shoots was hypothesized. The ¹⁵N recovery in whole plants (~70%) indicated very efficient N-uptake from the upper injection depths (0–5 cm). The highest ¹⁵N amounts were recovered in root biomass, whereby ¹⁵N recovery in roots strongly decreased with depth. In contrast, ¹⁵N recovery in shoots was generally low (~18%) and independent of the ¹⁵N injection depth. This clearly shows that the low N demand of Kobresia shoots can be easily covered by N-uptake from any depth. Less living root biomass in lower versus upper soil was compensated by a higher specific activity of roots for N-uptake. The ¹⁵N allocation into roots was on average 1.7 times higher than that into shoots, which agreed well with the very high R/S ratio. Increasing root biomass is an efficient strategy of K. pygmaea to compete for belowground resources at depths and periods with available resources. This implies high C-costs to maintain root biomass (~6.0 kg DM m⁻²), which must be covered by a very low amount of photosynthetically active shoots (0.3 kg DM m⁻²). It also suggests that Kobresia grasslands react extremely sensitively toward changes in climate and management that disrupt this above-/belowground trade-off mechanism.