Particles with negative energies in nonrelativistic and relativistic cases

Abstract

© 2020 by the authors. States of particles with negative energies are considered for the nonrelativistic and relativistic cases. In the nonrelativistic case it is shown that the decay close to the attracting center can lead to the situation similar to the Penrose effect for a rotating black hole when the energy of one of the fragments is larger than the energy of the initial body. This is known as the Oberth effect in the theory of the rocket movement. The realizations of the Penrose effect in the non-relativistic case in collisions near the attracting body and in the evaporation of stars from star clusters are indicated. In the relativistic case similar to the well known Penrose process in the ergosphere of the rotating black hole it is shown that the same situation as in ergosphere of the black hole occurs in rotating coordinate system in Minkowski space-time out of the static limit due to existence of negative energies. In relativistic cases differently from the nonrelativistic ones, the mass of the fragment can be larger than the mass of the decaying body. Negative energies for particles are possible in the relativistic case in cosmology of the expanding space when the coordinate system is used with a nondiagonal term in metrical tensor of the space-time. Friedmann metrics for three cases: open, close and quasieuclidian, are analyzed. The De Sitter space-time is shortly discussed.