Densities, Viscosities, and Electrical Conductivities of Pure Anhydrous Reline and Its Mixtures with Water in the Temperature Range (293.15 to 338.15) K

Abstract

Copyright © 2019 American Chemical Society. Density (ρ), dynamic viscosity (η), and electrical conductivity (κ) of the deep eutectic solvent (DES) reline, composed of choline chloride (ChCl) and urea in a 1:2 molar ratio, and its mixtures with water, covering the entire miscibility range, were studied at T = (293.15 to 338.15) K. Compared to many previous studies, reline purity was significantly improved by using ultrapure urea and ChCl recrystallized from ethanol. For the investigated DES samples the mass fraction of residual water was <0.00035. This allowed checking the influence of water traces and impurities on the physicochemical properties of pure reline. It was found that the presence of small amounts of water (w(H2O) < 0.0081) only negligibly decreased reline density, not exceeding 0.14% compared to the dry sample. However, for the same amount of water η decreased by 36% at 298.15 K. The temperature dependence of ρ was well fitted by a quadratic expression, whereas η(T) and κ(T) were found to follow the empirical Vogel-Fulcher-Tammann equation. For the aqueous mixtures excess properties of molar volume (VE) and viscosity (ηE) showed only minor variation with composition, suggesting rather weak interactions between water and the constituents of reline. However, VE and ηE depended significantly on temperature, indicating a significant contribution of H-bonding to the inherent reline structure. Similar to conventional ionic liquids, the conductivity of aqueous reline showed a broad maximum at the reline mole fraction of x1 ≈ 0.18 associated with the border between aqueous solutions of individual reline components and reline/water mixtures. The Walden plot classifies reline as a poor ionic liquid.